ODS/06 - Água potável e saneamento
URI Permanente desta comunidade
Objetivo: Assegurar a disponibilidade e gestão sustentável da água e saneamento para todas e todos.
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Coleções desta Comunidade
- ODS/06 - Água potável e saneamento
- ODS/06 - Água potável e saneamento
- ODS/06 - Água potável e saneamento
Submissões Recentes
Population Prevalence of Trachoma in Nine Rural Non-Indigenous Evaluation Units of Brazil
(2023) SZWARCWALD, Celia Landmann; LOPES, Maria de Fatima Costa; SOUZA JUNIOR, Paulo Roberto Borges de; GOMEZ, Daniela Vaz Ferreira; LUNA, Expedito Jose de Albuquerque; ALMEIDA, Wanessa da Silva de; DAMACENA, Giseli Nogueira; FAVACHO, Joana da Felidade Ribeiro; FRIAS, Paulo Germano de; BUTCHER, Robert; BOYD, Sarah; BAKHTIARI, Ana; WILLIS, Rebecca; JIMENEZ, Cristina; HARDING-ESCH, Emma; SABOYA-DIAZ, Martha Idali; SOLOMON, Anthony W.
Purpose: To assess the contemporary prevalence of trachoma in Brazil's non-indigenous population, surveys of those thought to be at greatest risk of disease were conducted. Methods: Rural census tracts of non-indigenous population from nine mesoregions were selected to compose the survey evaluation units (EUs) by considering previously endemic municipalities at greatest risk of trachoma. In each of the nine EUs, we conducted a population-based prevalence survey. Every resident of selected households aged >= 1 year was examined for trachomatous inflammation - follicular (TF) and trachomatous trichiasis (TT). Additionally, data were collected on household-level access to water, sanitation, hygiene (WASH) and education. Results: A total of 27,962 individuals were examined across nine EUs. The age-adjusted TF prevalence in 1-9-year-olds was <5% in each EU. The age- and gender-adjusted prevalence of 7 unknown to the health system in >= 15-year-olds was <0.2% in eight EUs; in one EU, it was 0.22%. The median number of households surveyed per EU with access to an improved drinking water source within a 30-minute roundtrip of the house was 66%. School attendance was >99% of surveyed children. Conclusions: The prevalence of TF was well below the target for elimination as a public health problem in all EUs. Because EUs surveyed were selected to represent the highest-risk non-indigenous areas of the country, TF prevalence is unlikely to be >= 5% in non-indigenous populations elsewhere. In one EU, the prevalence of 7 was above the target threshold for elimination. Further investigation and possibly improvement in 7 surgical provision are required in that EU.
Incomplete sanitation in the Metropolitan Region of Sao Paulo results in detection of SARS-CoV-2 in headwater streams
(2024) TANIWAKI, Ricardo H.; BUENO, Rodrigo F.; BISPO, Giulia B. S.; AUGUSTO, Matheus R.; SOUZA, Guilherme S.; CHYOSHI, Bruna; BENASSI, Roseli F.; GOUVEIA, Nelson; CAMILO, Livia M. B.; DURAN, Adriana F. A.; SCHIESARI, Luis C.
Among the largest metropolitan regions in the world, the Metropolitan Region of Sa similar to o Paulo (MRSP) represents an important case study for the COVID-19 respiratory disease pandemic because it is home to >20 million people, making it one of the largest metropolitan regions in the global south. Besides the high population density, the MRSP has several problems related to social and economic aspects, which may reflect in the dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 virus, such as low income, lack of sanitation and social vulnerability in the peripheral regions of MRSP. In these regions, the input of untreated sewage on the streams and rivers can be frequently observed, which may represent an indicator of poor sewer system. Therefore, this study aimed to identify if streams draining urbanized regions without appropriate sanitation are prone to receive higher loads of detectable SARS-CoV-2 in its waters. For this, we collected water samples from 45 headwater streams distributed across an urbanization gradient (0-100 % of urbanization) in the MRSP, with three replicates in each stream and analyzed the concentrations of SARS-CoV-2 RNA targeting the nucleocapsid N1 and N2 genomic regions. In addition, we analyzed the relationship between the concentrations of SARS-CoV-2 RNA and sanitation and social variables. Our results showed that the concentrations of SARS-CoV-2 RNA were higher in the streams draining medium to high urbanizedcatchments, especially because of the lack of sanitation and the higher probabilities to detect SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the stream water was associated with households without a septic tank or sewage system within the catchment, followed by per capita household income. These results reflect the lack of urbanization planning and the lack of sanitation, especially in the poor regions from the MRSP, adding another risk for the already vulnerable population in a metropolitan region from the global south during a pandemic disease.
One health approach to toxocariasis in quilombola communities of southern Brazil
(2023) SANTAREM, Vamilton Alvares; PANAZZOLO, Giovanni Kalempa; KMETIUK, Louise Bach; DOMINGUES, Orlei Jose; FERREIRA, Isabella Braghin; SOUZA FILHO, Roberto Teixeira de; FARINHAS, Joao Henrique; DOLINE, Fernando Rodrigo; LESCANO, Susana Angelica Zevallos; BIONDO, Leandro Meneguelli; GIUFFRIDA, Rogerio; BIONDO, Alexander Welker; FAVERO, Giovani Marino
Background Toxocariasis has been listed among the most neglected parasitic diseases worldwide, with approximately one fifth of the global population exposed, particularly those living under poverty. In Brazil, communities of descendants of enslaved blacks (quilombola) have historically had some of the highest rates of vulnerability and poverty, characterized by lack of health assistance, poor quality of life, and nutritional insecurity.Methods A cross-sectional sampling of quilombola individuals living in four communities of southern Brazil, as well as their dogs and the soil, was carried out from December 2021 to March 2022. Sociodemographic and other information such as water source, alimentary habits, and dog and cat ownership were gathered using a semi-structured questionnaire for assessing toxocariasis risk factors. Human serum samples were tested by ELISA for anti-Toxocara spp. IgG antibody detection was carried out on dog feces and hair, and soil samples were surveyed for presence of Toxocara spp. eggs.Results Overall, 172/208 individuals (82.7%, 95% CI = 77.0-87.2) were seropositive, the highest seroprevalence rate to date in Brazil. Male gender (P = 0.029), educational level (P = 0.026), and drinking water source (P = 0.043) were associated with seropositivity by univariate analysis. Final logistic regression revealed increased odds (P = 0.017, OR = 7.6, 95% CI = 1.5-42.7) to have seropositivity in individuals > 50 years old (< 10 years old). As expected, individuals with soil contact were more likely seropositive (P = 0.038, OR = 4.4, 95% CI = 1.1-18.8). Although retrieved in only 5/96 (5.2%) dog feces, Toxocara spp. eggs were found in 18/60 (30.0%) soil samples.Conclusions The high vulnerability and seroprevalence observed in quilombola communities clearly demand a One Health approach for detection, monitoring, and prevention of infection by Toxocara spp. in both human and dog populations.
Global assessment of chemical quality of drinking water: The case of trihalomethanes
(2023) VILLANUEVA, Cristina M.; EVLAMPIDOU, Iro; IBRAHIM, Fathelrahman; DONAT-VARGAS, Carolina; VALENTIN, Antonia; TUGULEA, Anca-Maria; ECHIGO, Shinya; JOVANOVIC, Dragana; LEBEDEV, Albert; LEMUS-PEREZ, Mildred; RODRIGUEZ-SUSA, Manuel; LUZATI, Arben; NERY, Telma de Cassia dos Santos; PASTEN, Pablo A.; QUINONES, Marisa; REGLI, Stig; WEISMAN, Richard; DONG, Shaoxia; HA, Mina; PHATTARAPATTAMAWONG, Songkeart; MANASFI, Tarek; MUSAH, Shaibu-Imodagbe Egbenya; ENG, Amanda; JANAK, Karel; RUSH, Samantha C.; RECKHOW, David; KRASNER, Stuart W.; VINEIS, Paolo; RICHARDSON, Susan D.; KOGEVINAS, Manolis
Background: Trihalomethanes (THM), a major class of disinfection by-products, are widespread and are associ-ated with adverse health effects. We conducted a global evaluation of current THM regulations and concen-trations in drinking water. Methods: We included 120 countries (-7000 million inhabitants in 2016), representing 94% of the world pop-ulation. We searched for country regulations and THM routine monitoring data using a questionnaire addressed to referent contacts. Scientific and gray literature was reviewed where contacts were not identified or declined participation. We obtained or estimated annual average THM concentrations, weighted to the population served when possible. Results: Drinking water regulations were ascertained for 116/120 (97%) countries, with 89/116 (77%) including THM regulations. Routine monitoring was implemented in 47/89 (53%) of countries with THM regulations. THM data with a varying population coverage was obtained for 69/120 (58%) countries consisting of-5600 million inhabitants (76% of world's population in 2016). Population coverage was >= 90% in 14 countries, mostly in the Global North, 50-89% in 19 countries, 11-49% among 21 countries, and <= 10% in 14 countries including India, China, Russian Federation and Nigeria (40% of world's population). Discussion: An enormous gap exists in THM regulatory status, routine monitoring practice, reporting and data availability among countries, especially between high-vs. low-and middle-income countries (LMICs). More efforts are warranted to regulate and systematically assess chemical quality of drinking water, centralize, harmonize, and openly report data, particularly in LMICs.
One-year surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater from vulnerable urban communities in metropolitan Sao Paulo, Brazil
(2022) BARBOSA, Mikaela Renata Funada; GARCIA, Suzi Cristina; BRUNI, Antonio de Castro; MACHADO, Flavio Silva; OLIVEIRA, Roberto Xavier de; DROPA, Milena; COSTA, Antonio Charlys da; LEAL, Elcio; BRANDAO, Carlos Jesus; SILVA, Renan Lourenco Oliveira da; IKO, Beatriz Yukie; KONDO, Victor Kenji Matsuoka; ARAUJO, Ronalda Silva de; SILVEIRA, Vanessa Barbosa da; ANDRADE, Tatiane Montes de; NUNES, Danilo Rosa; JANINI, Luiz Mario Ramos; BRACONI, Carla Torres; MARICATO, Juliana Terzi; SATO, Maria Ines Zanoli
The current COVID-19 pandemic has emphasized the vulnerability of communities living in the urban outskirts and informal settlements. The lack of reliable COVID-19 case data highlights the importance and application of wastewater-based epidemiology. This study aimed to monitor the COVID-19 trends in four vulnerable urban communities (slums and low-income neighborhoods) in metropolitan SAo Paulo by assessing the SARS-CoV-2 RNA viral load in wastewater. We analyzed 160 samples from May 2020 to June 2021 with weekly or fortnightly samplings. The samples were ultracentrifuged with glycine elution and quantified by N1/N2 SARS-CoV-2 RT-qPCR. The results of positivity were 100% (Paraisopolis, Heliopolis and Cidade Tiradentes) and 76.9% (Vila Brasilandia). The new case numbers of COVID-19, counted from the onset of symptoms, positively correlated with SARS-CoV-2 N1 viral loads from the two largest communities (p<0.001). SARS-CoV-2 infectivity was tested in Vero E6 cells after concentration with the two techniques, ultrafiltration (Centricon((R)) Plus-70 10 kDa) and sucrose cushion ultracentrifugation, but none of the evaluated samples presented positive results. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) analysis from samples collected in March and August 2021 revealed the presence of the clade 20 J (lineage P.1) belonging to the most prevalent circulating variant in the country. Our results showed that wastewater surveillance data can be used as complementary indicators to monitor the dynamics and temporal trends of COVID-19. The infectivity test results strengthened the evidence of low risk of infection associated with SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater.
Widespread pesticide contamination of drinking water and impact on cancer risk in Brazil
(2022) PANIS, Carolina; CANDIOTTO, Luciano Zanetti Pessoa; GABOARDI, Shaiane Carla; GURZENDA, Susie; CRUZ, Jurandir; CASTRO, Marcia; LEMOS, Bernardo
Pesticides, which are associated with endocrine dysfunction, immunological dysregulation, and cancer, are widespread sources of drinking water contamination. The state of Parana has a population of 11 million, is the second largest grain producer in Brazil and is a leading consumer of pesticides. In this study, we analyzed the extent of drinking water contamination from 11 proven, probable, or potentially carcinogenic pesticides (alachlor, aldrin-dieldrin, atrazine, chlordane, DDT-DDD-DDE, diuron, glyphosate-AMPA, lindane-gamma-HCH, mancozeb-ETU, molinate, and trifluralin) in 127 grain-producing municipalities in the state of Parana. Extensive contamination of drinking water was found, including legacy pesticides such as aldrin-dieldrin (mean 0.047 ppb), DDT-DDD-DDE (mean: 0.07), chlordane (mean: 0.181), and lindane-HCH (mean: 2.17). Most of the municipalities were significantly above the maximum limits for each one of the currently allowed pesticides (67% for alachlor, 9.44% for atrazine, 96.85% for diuron, 100% for glyphosate-AMPA, 80.31% for mancozeb-ETU, 91.33% for molinate, and 12.6% for trifluralin). Ninety-seven percent of municipalities presented a sum of all pesticides at levels significantly above (189.84 ppb) the European Union preconized limits (<0.5 ppb). Using the mean pesticide concentration in water (ppb), the exposed population for each municipality, and the benchmark cancer risk for pesticides, we estimated the minimum number of cancer cases attributable to pesticide-contaminated drinking water during the period (total of 542 cases). More than 80% were attributed to mancozeb-ETU and diuron. Glyphosate-AMPA and diuron-attributable cases strongly correlated with the total cancer cases in the same period (R = 0.8117 and 0.8138, respectively) as well as with breast cancer cases (R = 0.7695 and 0.7551, respectively). Water contamination was significantly correlated with the sum of the estimated cancer cases for all 11 pesticides detected in each city (R = 0.58 and p < 0.0001). These findings reveal extensive contamination of drinking water in the state of Parana and suggest that contamination may increase the risk of cancer in this region.
Toxicity of spike fragments SARS-CoV-2 S protein for zebrafish: A tool to study its hazardous for human health?
(2022) FERNANDES, Bianca H. Ventura; FEITOSA, Natalia Martins; BARBOSA, Ana Paula; BOMFIM, Camila Gasque; GARNIQUE, Anali M. B.; ROSA, Ivana F.; RODRIGUES, Maira S.; DORETTO, Lucas B.; COSTA, Daniel F.; CAMARGO-DOS-SANTOS, Bruno; FRANCO, Gabrielli A.; FAVERO NETO, Joao; LUNARDI, Juliana Sartori; BELLOT, Marina Sanson; ALVES, Nina Pacheco Capelini; COSTA, Camila C.; ARACATI, Mayumi F.; RODRIGUES, Leticia F.; CIRILO, Rafaela Hemily; COLAGRANDE, Raul Marcelino; GOMES, Francisco I. F.; NAKAJIMA, Rafael T.; BELO, Marco A. A.; GIAQUINTO, Percilia Cardoso; OLIVEIRA, Susana Luporini de; ETO, Silas Fernandes; FERNANDES, Dayanne Carla; MANRIQUE, Wilson G.; CONDE, Gabriel; ROSALES, Roberta R. C.; TODESCHINI, Iris; RIVERO, Ilo; LLONTOP, Edgar; SGRO, German G.; OKA, Gabriel Umaji; BUENO, Natalia Fernanda; FERRARIS, Fausto K.; MAGALHAES, Mariana T. Q. de; MEDEIROS, Renata J.; MENDONCA-GOMES, Juliana M.; JUNQUEIRA, Mara Souza; CONCEICAO, Katia; PONTES, Leticia Gomes de; CONDINO-NETO, Antonio; PEREZ, Andrea C.; BARCELLOS, Leonardo J. G.; CORREA JUNIOR, Jose Dias; DORLASS, Erick Gustavo; CAMARA, Niels O. S.; DURIGON, Edison Luiz; CUNHA, Fernando Q.; NOBREGA, Rafael H.; MACHADO-SANTELLI, Glaucia M.; FARAH, Chuck S.; VERAS, Flavio P.; GALINDO-VILLEGAS, Jorge; V, Leticia Costa-Lotufo; CUNHA, Thiago M.; CHAMMAS, Roger; CARVALHO, Luciani R.; GUZZO, Cristiane R.; MALAFAIA, Guilherme; CHARLIE-SILVA, Ives
Despite the significant increase in the generation of SARS-CoV-2 contaminated domestic and hospital wastewater, little is known about the ecotoxicological effects of the virus or its structural components in freshwater vertebrates. In this context, this study evaluated the deleterious effects caused by SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein on the health of Danio rerio, zebrafish. We demonstrated, for the first time, that zebrafish injected with fragment 16 to 165 (rSpike), which corresponds to the N-terminal portion of the protein, presented mortalities and adverse effects on liver, kidney, ovary and brain tissues. The conserved genetic homology between zebrafish and humans might be one of the reasons for the intense toxic effects followed inflammatory reaction from the immune system of zebrafish to rSpike which provoked damage to organs in a similar pattern as happen in severe cases of COVID-19 in humans, and, resulted in 78,6% of survival rate in female adults during the first seven days. The application of spike protein in zebrafish was highly toxic that is suitable for future studies to gather valuable information about ecotoxicological impacts, as well as vaccine responses and therapeutic approaches in human medicine. Therefore, besides representing an important tool to assess the harmful effects of SARS-CoV-2 in the aquatic environment, we present the zebrafish as an animal model for translational COVID-19 research.
SARS-CoV-2 in a stream running through an underprivileged, underserved, urban settlement in Sao Paulo, Brazil: A 7-month follow-up
(2021) RAZZOLINI, Maria Tereza Pepe; BARBOSA, Mikaela Renata Funada; ARAUJO, Ronalda Silva de; OLIVEIRA, Ivo Freitas de; MENDES-CORREA, Maria Cassia; SABINO, Ester C.; GARCIA, Suzi Cristina; V, Anderson de Paula; VILLAS-BOAS, Lucy S.; COSTA, Silvia Figueiredo; DROPA, Milena; ASSIS, Denise Brandao de; LEVIN, Beatriz S.; LIMA, Antonio Carlos Pedroso de; LEVIN, Anna S.
COVID-19 pandemic has led to concerns on the circulation of SARS-CoV-2 in the environment, its infectivity from the environment and, the relevance of transmission via environmental compartments. During 31 weeks, water samples were collected from a heavily contaminated stream going through an urban, underprivileged community without sewage collection. Our results showed a statistically significant correlation between cases of COVID-19 and SARS in the community, and SARS-CoV-2 concentrations in the water. Based on the model, if the concentrations of SARS-CoV-RNA (N1 and N2 target regions) increase 10 times, there is an expected increase of 104% [95%CI: (62-157%)] and 92% [95%CI: (51-143%)], respectively, in the number of cases of COVID-19 and SARS. We believe that differences in concentration of the virus in the environment reflect the epidemiological status in the community, which may be important information for surveillance and controlling dissemination in areas with vulnerable populations and poor sanitation. None of the samples were found infectious based cultures. Our results may be applicable globally as similar communities exist worldwide.
Alcohol drinking and head and neck cancer risk: the joint effect of intensity and duration
(2020) CREDICO, Gioia Di; POLESEL, Jerry; MASO, Luigino Dal; PAULI, Francesco; TORELLI, Nicola; LUCE, Daniele; RADOI, Loredana; MATSUO, Keitaro; SERRAINO, Diego; BRENNAN, Paul; HOLCATOVA, Ivana; AHRENS, Wolfgang; LAGIOU, Pagona; CANOVA, Cristina; RICHIARDI, Lorenzo; HEALY, Claire M.; KJAERHEIM, Kristina; CONWAY, David I.; MACFARLANE, Gary J.; THOMSON, Peter; AGUDO, Antonio; ZNAOR, Ariana; FRANCESCHI, Silvia; HERRERO, Rolando; TOPORCOV, Tatiana N.; MOYSES, Raquel A.; MUSCAT, Joshua; NEGRI, Eva; VILENSKY, Marta; FERNANDEZ, Leticia; CURADO, Maria Paula; MENEZES, Ana; DAUDT, Alexander W.; KOIFMAN, Rosalina; WUNSCH-FILHO, Victor; OLSHAN, Andrew F.; ZEVALLOS, Jose P.; STURGIS, Erich M.; LI, Guojun; LEVI, Fabio; ZHANG, Zuo-Feng; MORGENSTERN, Hal; SMITH, Elaine; LAZARUS, Philip; VECCHIA, Carlo La; GARAVELLO, Werner; CHEN, Chu; SCHWARTZ, Stephen M.; ZHENG, Tongzhang; VAUGHAN, Thomas L.; KELSEY, Karl; MCCLEAN, Michael; BENHAMOU, Simone; HAYES, Richard B.; PURDUE, Mark P.; GILLISON, Maura; SCHANTZ, Stimson; YU, Guo-Pei; CHUANG, Shu-Chun; BOFFETTA, Paolo; HASHIBE, Mia; YUAN-CHIN, Amy Lee; EDEFONTI, Valeria
Background Alcohol is a well-established risk factor for head and neck cancer (HNC). This study aims to explore the effect of alcohol intensity and duration, as joint continuous exposures, on HNC risk. Methods Data from 26 case-control studies in the INHANCE Consortium were used, including never and current drinkers who drunk <= 10 drinks/day for <= 54 years (24234 controls, 4085 oral cavity, 3359 oropharyngeal, 983 hypopharyngeal and 3340 laryngeal cancers). The dose-response relationship between the risk and the joint exposure to drinking intensity and duration was investigated through bivariate regression spline models, adjusting for potential confounders, including tobacco smoking. Results For all subsites, cancer risk steeply increased with increasing drinks/day, with no appreciable threshold effect at lower intensities. For each intensity level, the risk of oral cavity, hypopharyngeal and laryngeal cancers did not vary according to years of drinking, suggesting no effect of duration. For oropharyngeal cancer, the risk increased with durations up to 28 years, flattening thereafter. The risk peaked at the higher levels of intensity and duration for all subsites (odds ratio = 7.95 for oral cavity, 12.86 for oropharynx, 24.96 for hypopharynx and 6.60 for larynx). Conclusions Present results further encourage the reduction of alcohol intensity to mitigate HNC risk.
Socioeconomic inequalities explain the association between source of drinking water and dental caries in primary dentition
(2021) SCHUCH, Helena Silveira; DANTAS, Raquel Venancio Fernandes; SEERIG, Lenise Menezes; SANTOS, Ina S.; MATIJASEVICH, Alicia; BARROS, Aluisio J. D.; PERES, Karen Glazer; PERES, Marco Aurelio; DEMARCO, Flavio Fernando
Objective: To evaluate the association between source of drinking water and dental caries at age 5 and to test whether socioeconomic conditions act as confounding factors in such association. Methods: The study was carried out in a sub-sample of the 2004 Pelotas Birth Cohort, which comprised the application of a questionnaire and clinical oral examination. The exposure was source of drinking water, collected through a question to the primary caregiver. The outcome was dental caries in primary dentition, measured through several standardized indicators of the decayed, missing and filled teeth index (dmft), assessing past and present dental caries. Socioeconomic indicators (family income and maternal education) were identified as potential confounding factors. After descriptive analysis, the association between source of water and measures of dental caries was assessed by Regression models. Results: 1,084 children were evaluated and had complete information in all variables (83.2 % of the targeted sample). Dental caries experience was observed in 48.7 % of the children, with a mean of 1.9 decayed, missing or filled teeth. Most children consumed water from public water supply (76.0 %), and a socioeconomic pattern was observed, with children from lower income more likely to drink water from public supply. In crude analysis, children who consumed bottled water had a lower risk of decayed teeth, lower experience of dental caries and less severe disease. No associations were observed after adjustments for socioeconomic conditions. Conclusion: Underlying socioeconomic inequalities explained the association between prevalence and severity of dental caries in primary dentition and source of drinking water. Clinical significance: Drinking fluoridated tap water is as effective in dental caries prevention as bottled water with acceptable levels of fluoride, with the advantage of being accessible to all. Oral health prevention and treatment should be implemented as early in life as possible and should take into consideration the family?s socioeconomic context.