BRYAN SAUNDERS

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LIM/17 - Laboratório de Investigação em Reumatologia, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina

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  • article 1 Citação(ões) na Scopus
    Directions for Future Studies to Determine Dietary Nitrate Efficacy in Female Athletes
    (2023) CARVALHO, Arthur; DUARTE, Breno; ELLIOTT-SALE, Kirsty Jayne; SAUNDERS, Bryan
  • article 0 Citação(ões) na Scopus
    How Cool is That? The Effects of Menthol Mouth Rinsing on Exercise Capacity and Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
    (2024) GAVEL, Erica H.; BARRETO, Gabriel; HAWKE, Kierstyn V.; STELLINGWERFF, Trent; JAMES, Lewis J.; SAUNDERS, Bryan; LOGAN-SPRENGER, Heather M.
    Background Menthol (MEN) mouth rinsing (MR) has gained considerable interest in the athletic population for exercise performance; however, the overall magnitude of effect is unknown. Objective The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine the efficacy of menthol MEN MR and the impact it has on exercise capacity and performance. Methods Three databases were searched with articles screened according to the inclusion/exclusion criteria. Three-level meta-analyses were used to investigate the overall efficacy of MEN MR and the impact it has on exercise capacity and performance. Meta-regressions were then performed with 1) mean VO2(peak), 2) MEN swilling duration; 3) the MEN concentration of MR solution, 4) the number of executed swills throughout a single experiment, 5) the use of flavoured sweetened, non-caloric, or non-flavoured neutral solutions as controls, 6) mean environmental temperature at the time of exercise tests, and 7) exercise type as fixed factors to evaluate their influence on the effects of MEN MR. Results Ten MEN MR studies included sufficient information pertaining to MEN MR and exercise performance and capacity. MR with MEN resulted in no significant change in capacity and performance (SMD = 0.12; 95% CI - 0.08, 0.31; p = 0.23, n = 1, tau(2)1 < 0.0001, tau(2)2 = < 0.0001, I-2 = 0%). No significant influence was detected in meta-regressions for VO2(peak), (estimate: 0.03; df = 8; 95% CI - 0.03, 0.09; p = 0.27), swilling duration (5 vs. 10 s: 0.00; df = 16; 95% CI - 0.41, 0.41; p = 1.0), MEN concentration (low [0.01%] vs. high [0.1%]: - 0.08; df = 15; 95% CI - 0.49, 0.32; p = 0.67), number of swills (estimate: 0.02; df = 13; 95% CI - 0.05, 0.09; p = 0.56), the use of flavoured sweetener or non-caloric as control (non-flavoured vs. flavoured: 0.12; df = 16; 95% CI - 0.30, 0.55; p = 0.55) or mean room temperature during exercise tests (estimate: 0.01; df = 16; 95% CI - 0.02, 0.04; p = 0.62). Conclusion MEN MR did not significantly improve overall exercise capacity and performance, though those involved in endurance exercise may see benefits.
  • article 3 Citação(ões) na Scopus
    Capsule Size Alters the Timing of Metabolic Alkalosis Following Sodium Bicarbonate Supplementation
    (2021) MIDDLEBROOK, India; PEACOCK, Joe; TINNION, Daniel J.; LEACH, Nicholas K.; HILTON, Nathan P.; SAUNDERS, Bryan; SPARKS, S. Andy; NAUGHTON, Lars R. Mc
    Introduction: Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) is a well-established nutritional ergogenic aid that is typically ingested as a beverage or consumed in gelatine capsules. While capsules may delay the release of NaHCO3 and reduce gastrointestinal (GI) side effects compared with a beverage, it is currently unclear whether the capsule size may influence acid-base responses and GI symptoms following supplementation. Aim: This study aims to determine the effects of NaHCO3 supplementation, administered in capsules of different sizes, on acid-base responses, GI symptoms, and palatability. Methods: Ten healthy male subjects (mean +/- SD: age 20 +/- 2 years; height 1.80 +/- 0.09 m; weight 78.0 +/- 11.9 kg) underwent three testing sessions whereby 0.3 g NaHCO3/kg of body mass was consumed in either small (size 3), medium (size 0), or large (size 000) capsules. Capillary blood samples were procured pre-ingestion and every 10 min post-ingestion for 180 min. Blood samples were analyzed using a radiometer (Radiometer ABL800, Denmark) to determine blood bicarbonate concentration ([HCO3-]) and potential hydrogen (pH). GI symptoms were measured using a questionnaire at the same timepoints, whereas palatability was recorded pre-consumption. Results: Capsule size had a significant effect on lag time (the time [HCO3-] changed, T-lag) and the timing of peak blood [HCO3-] (T-max). Bicarbonate T-lag was significantly higher in the large-sized (28 +/- 4 min) compared with the small-sized (13 +/- 2 min) capsules (P = 0.009). Similarly, T-max was significantly lower in the small capsule (94 +/- 24 min) compared with both the medium-sized (141 +/- 27 min; P < 0.001) and the large-sized (121 +/- 29 min; P < 0.001) capsules. The GI symptom scores were similar for small-sized (3 +/- 3 AU), medium-sized (5 +/- 3 AU), and large-sized (3 +/- 3 AU) capsules, with no significant difference between symptom scores (F = 1.3, P = 0.310). Similarly, capsule size had no effect on palatability (F = 0.8, P = 0.409), with similar scores between different capsule sizes. Conclusion: Small capsule sizes led to quicker T-lag and T-max of blood [HCO3-] concentration compared to medium and large capsules, suggesting that individuals could supplement NaHCO3 in smaller capsules if they aim to increase extracellular buffering capacity more quickly.
  • article 0 Citação(ões) na Scopus
  • article 7 Citação(ões) na Scopus
    Effects of caffeine chewing gum supplementation on exercise performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis
    (2023) BARRETO, G.; LOUREIRO, L. M. R.; REIS, C. E. G.; SAUNDERS, B.
    The aim of this systematic review with meta-analysis was to determine the effect of caffeine gum (Caff-gum) on exercise performance-related outcomes. Several databases were searched for studies assessing the effect of Caff-gum in placebo-controlled protocols involving healthy adults. Random-effects meta-analyses using standardized mean differences (SMD) were performed to determine the effect of Caff-gum on exercise outcomes with several sub-analyses (training status, exercise type, timing and dose) for potential modifying factors. 14 studies were included, totalling 200 participants. There was a significant overall effect of Caff-gum compared to placebo (SMD = 0.21, 95%CI: 0.10-0.32; p = 0.001). Subgroup analysis showed improved performance for trained (SMD = 0.23, 95%CI: 0.08-0.37; p = 0.004), but not for untrained (SMD = 0.14, 95%CI: -0.02-0.29; p = 0.07) individuals. Caff-gum improved both endurance (SMD = 0.27, 95%CI: 0.12-0.42; p = 0.002) and strength/power (SMD = 0.20, 95%CI: 0.03-0.37; p = 0.03) performance outcomes. Caff-gum was ergogenic when consumed within 15 min prior to initiating exercise (SMD = 0.27, 95%CI: 0.07-0.4; p = 0.01), but not when provided >15 min prior (SMD = -0.48, 95%CI = -1.7-0.82; p = 0.25). There was no significant effect of Caff-gum with doses <3 mg/kg body mass (BM) (SMD = 0.20, 95%CI: -0.03-0.43; p = 0.07), but there was a significant effect when the dose was >= 3 mg/kg BM (SMD = 0.22, 95%CI: 0.07-0.37; p = 0.01). Caff-gum supplementation may be an effective ergogenic strategy for trained athletes involved in both endurance and strength/power exercise, using a recommended dose of >= 3 mg/kg BM consumed within 15 min of initiating exercise.
  • article 1 Citação(ões) na Scopus
    The interplay between bicarbonate kinetics and gastrointestinal upset on ergogenic potential after sodium bicarbonate intake: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial
    (2023) DURKALEC-MICHALSKI, Krzysztof; NOWACZYK, Paulina M.; KAMINSKA, Joanna; SAUNDERS, Bryan; LONIEWSKI, Igor; CZUBASZEK, Dominika; STEFFL, Michal; PODGORSKI, Tomasz
    This double-blind placebo-controlled cross-over study utilized comprehensive monitoring of blood bicarbonate (HCO3 over bar ) kinetics and evaluation of gastrointestinal (GI) upset to determine their impact on an ergogenic potential of sodium bicarbonate (SB) co-ingested with carbohydrate (CHO). Nineteen CrossFit athletes performed 6 bouts of 15 s Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT) 90 min post-ingestion of 0.4 g center dot kg(-1) body mass (BM) of SB (SB + CHO treatment) or PLA (PLA + CHO treatment) with 15 g CHO. Blood HCO3 over bar concentration was evaluated at baseline, 30-, 60-, 75- and 90 min post-ingestion, in between WAnT bouts, and 3 and 45 min post-exercise, while GI upset at 120 min after protocol started. Control (no supplementation; CTRL) procedures were also performed. An effective elevation of extra-cellular buffering capacity was observed 60-90 min post-ingestion of SB + CHO. At mean peak blood HCO3 over bar , or at start of exercise an increase > 6 mmol center dot L-1 in HCO3 over bar was noted in 84% and 52.6% participants, respectively. SB + CHO did not prevent performance decrements in WAnT bouts. There were no significant relationships between changes in blood HCO3 over bar and WAnTs' performance. Total GI was significantly higher in SB + CHO compared to CTRL, and stomach problems in SB + CHO compared to CTRL and PLA + CHO. There were inverse associations between peak- (p = 0.031; r = - 0.495), average- (p = 0.002; r = - 0.674) and minimum power (p = 0.008; r = - 0.585) and total GI upset, as well as average power and severe GI distress (p = 0.042; r = - 0.471) at SB + CHO. The implemented dose of SB + CHO was effective in improving buffering capacity, but did not prevent decrements in WAnTs' performance. GI side effects were crucial in affecting the ergogenic potential of SB and thus must be insightfully monitored in future studies.
  • article 3 Citação(ões) na Scopus
    Editorial: Personalized Sport and Exercise Nutrition
    (2019) SAUNDERS, Bryan; EL-SOHEMY, Ahmed; DERAVE, Wim
  • article 13 Citação(ões) na Scopus
    Translation, Cultural Adaptation, and Reproducibility of the Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire for Everyone (PAR-Q+): The Brazilian Portuguese Version
    (2021) SCHWARTZ, Juliano; OH, Paul; TAKITO, Monica Y.; SAUNDERS, Bryan; DOLAN, Eimear; FRANCHINI, Emerson; RHODES, Ryan E.; BREDIN, Shannon S. D.; COELHO, Josye P.; SANTOS, Pedro dos; MAZZUCO, Melina; WARBURTON, Darren E. R.
    Background: The Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire for Everyone (PAR-Q+) is the international standard for pre-participation risk stratification and screening. In order to provide a practical and valid screening tool to facilitate safe engagement in physical activity and fitness assessments for the Brazilian population, this study aimed to translate, culturally adapt, and verify the reproducibility of the evidence-based PAR-Q+ to the Brazilian Portuguese language. Method: Initially, the document was translated by two independent translators, before Brazilian experts in health and physical activity evaluated the translations and produced a common initial version. Next, two English native speakers, fluent in Brazilian Portuguese and accustomed to the local culture, back-translated the questionnaire. These back translations were assessed by the organization in charge of the PAR-Q+, then a final Brazilian version was approved. A total of 493 Brazilians between 5 and 93 yr (39.9 +/- 25.4 yr), 59% female, with varying levels of health and physical activity, completed the questionnaire twice, in person or online, 1-2 weeks apart. Cronbach's alpha was used to calculate the internal consistency of all items of the questionnaire, and the Kappa statistic was used to assess the individual reproducibility of each item of the document. Additionally, the intraclass correlation coefficient and its 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to verify the general reproducibility (reliability) of the translated version. Results: The Brazilian version had an excellent internal consistency (0.993), with an almost perfect agreement in 93.8% of the questions, and a substantial agreement in the other 6.2%. The translated version also had a good to excellent total reproducibility (0.901, 95% CI: 0.887-0.914). Conclusion: The results show this translation is a valid and reliable screening tool, which may facilitate a larger number of Brazilians to start or increase physical activity participation in a safe manner.
  • article
    A Statistical Framework to Interpret Individual Response to Intervention : Paving the Way for Personalized Nutrition and Exercise Prescription
    (2018) SWINTON, Paul A.; HEMINGWAY, Ben Stephens; SAUNDERS, Bryan; GUALANO, Bruno; DOLAN, Eimear
    The concept of personalized nutrition and exercise prescription represents a topical and exciting progression for the discipline given the large inter-individual variability that exists in response to virtually all performance and health related interventions. Appropriate interpretation of intervention-based data from an individual or group of individuals requires practitioners and researchers to consider a range of concepts including the confounding influence of measurement error and biological variability. In addition, the means to quantify likely statistical and practical improvements are facilitated by concepts such as confidence intervals (CIs) and smallest worthwhile change (SWC). The purpose of this review is to provide accessible and applicable recommendations for practitioners and researchers that interpret, and report personalized data. To achieve this, the review is structured in three sections that progressively develop a statistical framework. Section 1 explores fundamental concepts related to measurement error and describes how typical error and CIs can be used to express uncertainty in baseline measurements. Section 2 builds upon these concepts and demonstrates how CIs can be combined with the concept of SWC to assess whether meaningful improvements occur post-intervention. Finally, section 3 introduces the concept of biological variability and discusses the subsequent challenges in identifying individual response and non-response to an intervention. Worked numerical examples and interactive Supplementary Material are incorporated to solidify concepts and assist with implementation in practice.
  • article
    Time to Optimize Supplementation: Modifying Factors Influencing the Individual Responses to Extracellular Buffering Agents
    (2018) HEIBEL, Andre B.; PERIM, Pedro H. L.; OLIVEIRA, Luana F.; MCNAUGHTON, Lars R.; SAUNDERS, Bryan
    Blood alkalosis, as indicated by an increased blood bicarbonate concentration and pH, has been shown to be beneficial for exercise performance. Sodium bicarbonate, sodium citrate, and sodium or calcium lactate, can all result in increased circulating bicarbonate and have all independently been shown to improve exercise capacity and performance under various circumstances. Although there is considerable evidence demonstrating the efficacy of these supplements in several sports-specific situations, it is commonly acknowledged that their efficacy is equivocal, due to contrasting evidence. Herein, we discuss the physiological and environmental factors that may modify the effectiveness of these supplements including, (i) absolute changes in circulating bicarbonate; (ii) supplement timing, (iii) the exercise task performed, (iv) monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) activity; (v) training status, and (vi) associated side-effects. The aim of this narrative review is to highlight the factors which may modify the response to these supplements, so that individuals can use this information to attempt to optimize supplementation and allow the greatest possibility of an ergogenic effect.